Detainees held by Libya rebels still tortured: U.N.

25 February 2011: Sarkozy said Gaddafi "must go".

28 February 2011: British Prime Minister David Cameron proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Gaddafi from "airlifting mercenaries" and "using his military aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians."

1 March 2011: The US Senate unanimously passes non-binding Senate resolution S.RES.85 urging the United Nations Security Council to impose a Libyan no-fly zone and encouraging Gaddafi to step down. The US had naval forces positioned off the coast of Libya, as well as forces already in the region, including the aircraft carrier . Canada dispatched naval frigate to the area, andCanadian National Defence Minister Peter MacKay stated that "[w]e are there for all inevitabilities. And NATO is looking at this as well ... This is taken as a precautionary and staged measure."

7 March 2011: US Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder announced that NATO decided to step up surveillance missions of E-3 AWACS aircraft to twenty-four hours a day. On the same day, it was reported that an anonymous UN diplomat confirmed to Agence France Presse that France and Britain were drawing up a resolution on the no-fly zone that would be considered by the UN Security Council during the same week. The Gulf Cooperation Council also on that day called upon the UN Security Council to "take all necessary measures to protect civilians, including enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya."

9 March 2011: The head of the Libyan National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, "pleaded for the international community to move quickly to impose a no-fly zone over Libya, declaring that any delay would result in more casualties". Three days later, he stated that if pro-Gaddafi forces reached Benghazi, then they would kill "half a million" people. He stated, "If there is no no-fly zone imposed on Gaddafi's regime, and his ships are not checked, we will have a catastrophe in Libya."

10 March 2011: France recognized the Libyan NTC as the legitimate government of Libya soon after Sarkozy met with them in Paris. This meeting was arranged by Bernard-Henri L�vy.

11 March 2011: Cameron joined forces with Sarkozy after Sarkozy demanded immediate action from international community for a no-fly zone against air attacks by Gaddafi.

12 March 2011: Nine out of the twenty-two Arab League members "called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone over Libya in a bid to protect civilians from air attack". The Arab League's request was announced by Omani Foreign MinisterYusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah, who stated that all member states present at the meeting agreed with the proposal. On 12 March, thousands of Libyan women marched in the streets of the rebel-held town of Benghazi, calling for the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya.

14 March 2011: In Paris at the �lys�e Palace, before the summit with the G8 Minister for Foreign Affairs, Sarkozy, who is also the president of the G8, along with French Foreign Minister Alain Jupp� met with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and impressed her upon to push for intervention in Libya.

thumb|left|thumbtime=40|[[Voice of America|VOA News report on the United States joining Lebanon, France and United Kingdom to support the no-fly zone.]].

15 March 2011: A resolution for a no-fly zone was proposed by Nawaf Salam, Lebanon's Ambassador to the UN. The resolution was immediately backed by France and the United Kingdom.

17 March 2011: The UN Security Council, acting under the authority of Chapter VII of the UN Charter, approved a no-fly zone by a vote of ten in favour, zero against, and five abstentions, via United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973. The five abstentions were: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Germany. Less than twenty-four hours later, Libya announced that it would halt all military operations in response to the UN Security Council resolution.

18 March 2011: The Libyan foreign minister, Moussa Koussa, said that he had declared a ceasefire, attributing the UN resolution. However, artillery shelling on Misrata and Ajdabiya continued, and government soldiers continued approaching Benghazi. Government troops and tanks entered the city on 19 March. Artillery and mortars were also fired into the city. US President Barack Obama held a meeting with eighteen senior lawmakers at the White House on the afternoon of 18 March

19 March 2011: French forces began the military intervention in Libya, later joined by coalition forces with strikes against armoured units south of Benghazi and attacks on Libyan air-defence systems, as UN Security Council Resolution 1973 called for using "all necessary means" to protect civilians and civilian-populated areas from attack, imposed a no-fly zone, and called for an immediate and with-standing cease-fire, while also strengthening travel bans on members of the regime, arms embargoes, and asset freezes.

21 March 2011: Obama sent a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate.

24 March 2011: In telephone negotiations, French foreign minister Alain Jupp� conceded to let NATO take over all military operations on Tuesday 29 March at the latest, allowing Turkey to veto strikes on Gaddafi ground forces from that point forward. Later reports stated that NATO would take over enforcement of the no-fly zone and the arms embargo, but discussions were still under way about whether NATO would take over the protection of civilians mission. Turkey reportedly wanted the power to veto airstrikes, while France wanted to prevent Turkey from having such a veto.

25 March 2011: NATO Allied Joint Force Command in Naples took command of the no-fly zone over Libya and combined it with the ongoing arms embargo operation under the name Operation Unified Protector.

28 March 2011: Obama addressed the nation on Libya.

Enforcement

Initial NATO planning for a possible no-fly zone took place in late February and early March, especially by NATO members France and the United Kingdom. France and the UK were early supporters of a no-fly zone and have sufficient airpower to impose a no-fly zone over the rebel-held areas, although they might need additional assistance for a more extensive exclusion zone.

The US had the air assets necessary to enforce a no-fly zone, but was cautious to support such an action prior to obtaining a legal basis for violating Libya's sovereignty. However, due to the sensitive nature of military action by the US against an Arab nation, the US sought Arab participation in the enforcement of a no-fly zone.

At a congressional hearing, United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates explained that "a no-fly zone begins with an attack on Libya to destroy the air defences ... and then you can fly planes around the country and not worry about our guys being shot down. But that's the way it starts."

On 19 March, the deployment of French fighter jets over Libya began, and other states began their individual operations. Phase One started the same day with the involvement of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Italy and Canada.

On 24 March, NATO ambassadors agreed that NATO will take command of the no-fly zone enforcement, while other military operations remained the responsibility of the group of states previously involved, with NATO expected to take control as early as 26 March. The decision was made after meetings of NATO members to resolve disagreements over whether military operations in Libya should include attacks on ground forces. The decision will create a two-level power structure overseeing military operations. In charge politically will be a committee, led by NATO, that includes all states participating in enforcing the no-fly zone, while NATO alone will be responsible for military action. Royal Canadian Air Force Lieutenant-General Charles Bouchard has been appointed to command the NATO military mission.

Operation names

NATO: Operation Unified Protector

Before NATO took full command of operations at 06:00 GMT on 31 March 2011 (it should be noted that command of targeting ground units still remains with coalition forces and their national operations), the military intervention in the form of a no-fly zone and naval blockade was split between different national operations: : Operation Odyssey Dawn and/or Operation Freedom Falcon: Operation Mobile : Op�ration Harmattan : Operation Ellamy , Operaci�n Odisea al Amanecer , , , : Operation Odyssey Dawn

Forces committed

These are the forces committed in alphabetical order.

: Six F-16 Falcon fighter jets of the Belgian Air Component are stationed at Araxos, Greece, and flew their first mission in the afternoon of 21 March. They are monitoring the no-fly zone and have successfully attacked ground targets with no collateral damage on 27 March, as reported by the Belgian Ministry of Defence. The Belgian Naval Component minehunter BNS Narcis is assisting in the naval blockade.

: The Bulgarian Navy Wielingen class frigate Drazki will participate in the naval blockade, along with a number of "special naval forces", two medical teams and other humanitarian help. The frigate left port on 27 April and arrived off the coast of Libya on 2 May. It is slated to patrol for one month before returning to Bulgaria, with a supply stop at the Greek port of Souda scheduled after two weeks of patrolling.

: The Royal Canadian Air Force has deployed seven (six front line, one reserve) CF-18 fighter jets, two CC-150 Polaris refuelling aircraft, two CC-177 Globemaster III heavy transports, two CC-130J Super Hercules tactical transports, and two CP-140 Aurora maritime patrol aircraft. The Royal Canadian Navy deployed the s and . A total of 440 Canadian Forces personnel are participating in Operation Mobile. There are reports that special operations are being conducted by Joint Task Force 2 in association with Britain's Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service (SBS) as part of Canada's contribution.

: The Royal Danish Air Force is participating with six F-16AM fighters, one C-130J-30 Super Hercules military transport plane and the corresponding ground crews. Only four F-16s will be used for offensive operations, while the remaining two will act as reserves. The first airstrikes from Danish aircraft were carried out on 23 March, with four aircraft making twelve sorties as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn. Danish flights have bombed approximately 17 % of all targets in Libya and together with Norwegian flights they have been the most efficient in proportion to the number of flights involved.

: French Air Force, which realizes 35% of NATO's strikes, is participating in the mission with 18 Mirage, 19 Rafale, 6 Mirage F1, 6 Super Etendard, 2E-2 Hawkeye, 2C-2 Greyhound, 3 Eurocopter Tiger, 16 Gazelle Aircraft. In addition, the French Navy anti-air destroyer Forbin and the frigate Jean Bart are participating in the operations. On 22 March, the aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle was sent to be positioned in international waters near Crete to provide military planners with a rapid-response air combat capability. Accompanying the Charles de Gaulle are the frigates Dupleix, Aconit, the fleet replenishment tanker Meuse, and one nuclear attack submarine SNA. France is stationing three Mirage 2000-5 aircraft and 6 Mirage 2000D at Souda Bay, Crete. France also sent an amphibious assault helicopter carrier, the Tonnerre, carrying 19 rotorcrafts to operate off the coast of Libya.

: The Limnos of the Hellenic Navy is currently in the waters off Libya as part of the naval blockade. The Hellenic Air Force provides Super Puma search-and-rescue helicopters and an Embraer 145 AEW&C airborne radar plane.

: At the beginning of the operation, as a contribution to enforce the no-fly zone, the Italian government committed four Tornado ECRs of the Italian Air Force in SEAD operations, supported by two Tornado IDS variants in an air-to-air refuelling role and four F-16 ADF fighters as escort. After the transfer of authority to NATO and the decision to participate in strike air-ground operations, the Italian government assigned under NATO command four Italian Navy AV8-B plus (from Garibaldi), four Italian Air Force Eurofighters, four Tornado ECRs. Other assets under national command participate in air patrolling and air refueling missions. . As of 24 March, the Italian Navy is engaged in Operation Unified Protector with the light aircraft carrier Garibaldi, the Libeccio and the Etna. Additionally, the Andrea Doria and Maestrale-class frigate Euro are patrolling off the Sicilian coast in an air-defence role.

: Six Royal Jordanian Air Force fighter jets landed at a coalition airbase in Europe on 4 April to provide "logistical support" and act as an escort for Jordanian transport aircraft using the humanitarian corridor to deliver aid and supplies to opposition-held Cyrenaica, according to Foreign Minister Nasser Judeh. He did not specify the type of aircraft or what specific roles they may be called upon to perform, though he said they were not intended for combat.

: E-3 airborne early warning and control (AWACS) aircraft operated by NATO and crewed by member states help monitor airspace over the Mediterranean and in Libya.

: The Royal Netherlands Air Force provides six F-16AM fighters and a KDC-10 refuelling plane. These aircraft are stationed at the Decimomannu Air Base on Sardinia. Four F-16s are flying patrols over Libya, while the other two are being kept in reserve. Additionally, the Royal Netherlands Navy has deployed the HNLMS Haarlem to assist in enforcing the weapons embargo.

: The Royal Norwegian Air Force has deployed six F-16AM fighters to Souda Bay Air Base. On 24 March, the Norwegian F16s were assigned to the US North African command and Operation Odyssey Dawn. A number of the aircraft have participated in operations over Libya. Prime minister Jens Stoltenberg also stated that Norway will participate in the humanitarian aid to follow. It has also been reported that Norwegian fighters along with Danish are the ones that have bombed most targets in Libya in proportion to the number of planes involved. The Norwegian participation in the military efforts against the Libyan government came to an end in late July 2011, by which time Norwegian aircraft had dropped close to 600 bombs.

: The Qatar Armed Forces are contributing six Mirage 2000-5EDA fighter jets and two C-17 strategic transport aircraft to coalition no-fly zone enforcement efforts. The Qatari aircraft are stationed in Crete.

: The Spanish Armed Forces are participating with six F-18 fighters, two Boeing 707-331B(KC) tanker aircrafts, the M�ndez N��ez, the submarine Tramontana and twoCN-235 MPA maritime surveillance plane. Spain has participated in air control, maritime surveillance and in the mission to prevent the inflow of arms to the Libyan regime. Spain also has also made available to NATO Rota base.

: The Royal Swedish Air Force will commit eight JAS 39 Gripen jets for the international air campaign after being asked by NATO to take part in the operations on 28 March. Sweden will also send a Saab 340 AEW&C for airborne early warning and control and a C-130 Hercules for aerial refueling. In a recent poll some 65 percent of Swedes wanted their state to take part in the international air campaign to enforce a no-fly zone over Libya. Seven of Sweden's eight parliament parties are in favour of contributing Swedish military assets to the no-fly zone. Sweden is the only country neither a member of NATO nor the Arab League participating in the no-fly zone.

: The Turkish Navy will participate with five ships and one submarine in the NATO-led naval blockade to enforce the arms embargo. It is additionally providing six F-16 Fighting Falcon jets for aerial operations. On 24 March, Turkey's parliament approved Turkish participation in military operations in Libya, including enforcing the NFZ in Libya.

: On 24 March, the United Arab Emirates Air Force sent six F-16 Falcon and six Mirage 2000 fighter jets to join the mission. The planes are based at the Italian airbase at Decimomannu, Sardinia.

: The United Kingdom has deployed vessels such as the Royal Navy frigates HMS Westminster (F237) and HMS Cumberland (F85), nuclear attack submarines HMS Triumph (S93) and HMS Turbulent (S87), the destroyer HMS Liverpool (D92) and the mine countermeasure vessel HMS Brocklesby (M33). The Royal Air Force has 16 Tornado and 10 Typhoon fighters operating initially from Great Britain, now forward deployed to the Italian base at Gioia del Colle. Surveillance aircraft such as the Nimrod R1 and Sentinel R1 are forward deployed to RAF Akrotiri in support of the action. In addition the RAF have deployed a number of other support aircraft such as the Sentry AEW.1 AWACS aircraft and VC10 air-to-air refuelling tankers. According to anonymous sources, members of the SAS, SBS and Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) and help to coordinate the air strikes on the ground in Libya. As of 27 May, the UK had deployed four UK Apache helicopters on board HMS Ocean.

: The United States has deployed a naval force of 11 ships, including the amphibious assault ship , the amphibious transport dock , the guided-missile destroyers and , the nuclear attack submarines and , the cruise missile submarine and the amphibious command ship . Additionally, A-10 ground-attack aircraft, B-2 stealth bombers, AV-8B Harrier II jump-jets, EA-18 electronic warfare aircraft, and both F-15 and F-16 fighters have been involved in action over Libya. U-2 reconnaissance aircraft are stationed on Cyprus. On 18 March, two AC-130Us arrived at RAF Mildenhall as well as additional tanker aircraft. On 24 March 2 E-8Cs operated from Naval Station Rota Spain, which indicates an increase of ground attacks. An undisclosed number of CIA operatives are said to be in Libya to gather intelligence for airstrikes and make contacts with rebels. The US also began using MQ-1 Predator UAVs to strike targets in Libya on 23 April.

Bases committed

: Saint-Dizier, Dijon, Nancy, Istres, Solenzara, Avord : Souda, Aktion, Araxos, and Andravida : Amendola, Decimomannu, Gioia del Colle, Trapani, Pantelleria, Capodichino : Rota, Mor�n, Torrej�n : Incirlik, ?zmir : RAF Akrotiri, RAF Marham, RAF Waddington : Aviano (IT), Lakenheath (UK), Mildenhall (UK), Sigonella (IT), Spangdahlem (GE), Ellsworth AFB (US)

Actions by other states

: Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha said that Albania is ready to help. Prime Minister Berisha supported the decision of the coalition to protect civilians from the Libyan regime of Gaddafi. Berisha also offered assistance to facilitate the international coalition actions. In a press release of the Prime Ministry, these operations are considered entirely legitimate, having as main objective the protection of freedoms and universal rights that Libyans deserve. On 29 March, Foreign Minister Edmond Haxhinasto said Albania would open its airspace and territorial waters to coalition forces and said its seaports and airports were at the coalition's disposal upon request. Haxhinasto also suggested that Albania could make a "humanitarian" contribution to international efforts. In mid-April, the International Business Times listed Albania alongside several other NATO member states, including Romania and Turkey, that have made "modest" contributions to the military effort, although it did not go into detail. : Prime Minister Julia Gillard and others in her Labor government have said Australia will not contribute militarily to enforcement of the UN mandate despite registering strong support for its implementation, but the opposition Liberal Party's defence spokesman has called upon the government to consider dispatching Australian military assets if requested by NATO. Defence Minister Stephen Smith said the government would be willing to send C-17 Globemaster heavy transport planes for use in international operations "as part of a humanitarian contribution", if needed. Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd described Australia as the "third largest [humanitarian contributor to Libya] globally after the United States and the European Union" on 27 April, after a humanitarian aid ship funded by the Australian government docked in Misurata. : President Ivo Josipovi? said that if it becomes necessary Croatia will honour its NATO membership and participate in the actions in Libya. He also stressed that while Croatia is ready for military participation according to its capabilities, it will mostly endeavor to help on the humanitarian side. On 29 April, the government announced it planned to send two Croatian Army officers to assist with Operation Unified Protector pending formal presidential and parliamentary approval. : After the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, President Demetris Christofias asked the British government not to use its military base at Akrotiri, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on the island of Cyprus, in support of the intervention, though this request had no legal weight as Nicosia cannot legally bar the United Kingdom from using the base. The Cypriot government reluctantly allowed Qatar Emiri Air Force fighter jets and a transport plane to refuel at Larnaca International Airport on 22 March after their pilots declared a fuel emergency while in transit to Crete for participation in international military operations. : Foreign Minister Urmas Paet said on 18 March that his country has no current plans to join in military operations in Libya, but it would be willing to participate if called upon to do so by NATO or the European Union. The Estonian Air Force does not presently operate any fighter aircraft, though it does operate a few helicopters and transport planes. : Finnish foreign minister Alexander Stubb announced that the proposed EUFOR Libya operation is being prepared, waiting for a request from the UN. : Germany has withdrawn all forces from NATO operations in the Mediterranean Sea as its government decided not to take part in any military operations against Libya. However it is increasing the number of AWACS personnel in Afghanistan by up to 300 to free forces of other states. Germany allows the usage of military installations on its territory for the intervention in Libya. On 8 April, German officials suggested that Germany could potentially contribute troops to "[ensure] with military means that humanitarian aid gets to those who need it". As of early June, the German government is reportedly considering opening a center for training police in Benghazi. On July 24, Germany lent ?100 million Euros ($144 million USD) to the rebels for "civilian and humanitarian purposes". : President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono called for a ceasefire by all sides, but said that if a UN peacekeeping force was established to monitor a potential truce, "Indonesia is more than willing to take part." : The Arab state will make a "logistic contribution", according to the British Prime Minister David Cameron. : Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi said no coalition forces would be allowed to stage from military bases in Malta, but Maltese airspace would be open to international forces involved in the intervention. On 20 April, two French Mirages were reportedly allowed to make emergency landings in Malta after running low on fuel. : US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, UK Secretary of Defense Liam Fox, and NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen have urged the Polish government to contribute to military operations. As of June 2011, Warsaw has not committed to participation. : The government has "quietly granted permission" for coalition states to traverse its airspace for operations in the Libyan theater if necessary, Reuters reported in late March.

Action by international forces

March

:19 March: BBC News reported at 16:00 GMT that the French Air Force had sent 19 fighter planes to cover an area of 100�km by 150�km (60 by 100�miles) over Benghazi to prevent any attacks on the rebel-controlled city. "Our air force will oppose any aggression by Colonel Gaddafi against the population of Benghazi", said French President Nicolas Sarkozy. BBC News reported at 16:59 GMT that at 16:45 GMT a French plane had fired at and destroyed a Libyan military vehicle�? this being confirmed by French defence ministry spokesman Laurent Teisseire.

:According to Al-Jazeera, French aircraft destroyed four Libyan tanks in air strikes to the south-west of Benghazi. The French military claimed that its aircraft had also flown reconnaissance missions over "all Libyan territory". On the same day, British Prime Minister David Cameron confirmed that Royal Air Force jets were also in action and reports suggested that the US Navy had fired the first cruise missile. CBS News's David Martin reported that three B-2 stealth bombers flew non-stop from the US to drop 40 bombs on a major Libyan airfield. Martin further reported that US fighter jets were searching for Libyan ground forces to attack.

:The Pentagon and the British Ministry of Defence confirmed that, jointly, and U.S. Navy ships (including , pictured) and submarines fired more than 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles, supported with air attacks on military installations, both inland and on the coast.

:At the start of operations United States Africa Command commanded by General Carter Ham exercised strategic command. Tactical command in the theater of operations was executed from in the Mediterranean Sea under command of Admiral Sam Locklear, commander United States Naval Forces Europe. United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates indicated that control of the operation would be transferred to French and British authorities, or NATO, within days.:20 March: Several Storm Shadow missiles were launched by British jets. Nineteen US planes conducted strike operations in Libya. The planes included Marine Corps AV-8B Harriers, US Navy EA-18G Growlers, which were diverted from operations over Iraq and jammed Libyan radar and communications, and Air Force F-15 and F-16 fighter jets. A military convoy was destroyed south of Benghazi by air strikes. Seventy military vehicles are known to have been destroyed, multiple loyalist ground troop casualties were also reported.

:Four Danish F-16 fighters left Italy's Sigonella air base for a successful five-hour long "high-risk mission", and four Italian Tornados ECR, accompanied by four Italian F-16 as fighter escorts took off from the Trapani base. A second immediate cease-fire was declared by the Libyan Army on 20 March, starting at 9�pm.

:21 March: SA-2, SA-3 and SA-5 air defence systems in Libya have been taken out. Only SA-6, hand-held SA-7s and SA-8 mobile SAMs remain a possible threat to aircraft. A spokesman for the National Transitional Council said Gaddafi's forces were using human shields in defence of their military assets, bringing civilians to Misrata to surround their vehicles and troops to deter airstrikes. RAF Tornados aborted a planned airstrike due to information that a number of civilians were reported close to the intended target. Among the buildings hit late on 20 March and early 21 March were parts of the Bab al-Azizia compound often used by Colonel Gaddafi. Further strikes on Tripoli and, according to Libyan government spokesmen, Sabha and Sirte, took place on late 21 March.

:22 March: During a mission over Libya, a US F-15E crashed in rebel-held territory. It was reported that the aircraft, based at RAF Lakenheath in England, came down following a mechanical fault. Both crewmen were rescued by a US CSAR unit, but six local villagers were injured by gunfire from the rescuing US forces. There are claims that the pilot called in a bomb strike by Harrier jump jets, possibly injuring the civilians. The US announced that Qatari forces would join the operation by the weekend.

:23 March: Coalition aircraft flew at least two bombing missions against loyalist forces near the besieged city of Misrata. Late in the day, it was announced that the remaining pro-Gaddafi forces and their equipment in the city, with the exception of individual snipers, had been forced to retreat or had been destroyed. In the early morning hours, 4 Canadian Forces CF-18 Hornets conducted 2 separate bombing runs on multiple targets at a Pro-Gaddafi munitions depot near Misrata. NATO announced it will enforce the UN embargo to "cut off the flow of arms and mercenaries" under the name Operation Unified Protector.

:24 March: Multiple Tomahawk cruise missiles were launched at targets during the day. French aircraft attacked Al Jufra Air Base inland and destroyed a Libyan Soko G-2 Galeb light attack jet as it landed at Misrata Airport. Eyewitnesses reported that coalition aircraft had bombed Sabha Air Base, south of Tripoli. F-16s from the Royal Norwegian Air Force were assigned to the US African command and Operation Odyssey Dawn. A number of Norwegian F-16s took off from Souda Bay Air Base on Crete, Greece, performing several missions over Libya during the day, evening and through the night.

:25 March: Three laser-guided bombs were launched from two F-16s of the Royal Norwegian Air Force against Libyan tanks. French Air Force destroyed an artillery battery overnight outside Ajdabiya RAF Tornado fighter/bombers together with the French Air Force struck and destroyed seven pro-Gaddafi tanks dug in on the outskirts of Ajdabiya with precision guided munitions.

:26 March: F-16s from the Royal Norwegian Air Force bombed an airfield in Libya during the night. Two CF18CF-18s from the Canadian Forces detachment conducted one sortie each, on a mission to release precision-guided munitions against electronic warfare sites near Misrata. French Air Force confirms the destruction by its aircraft of at least 5 Libyan Soko G-2 Galeb aircraft and 2 Mi-35 military helicopters. RAF Tornados destroyed three armoured vehicles in Misrata and a further two vehicles in Ajdabiya with Brimstone missiles. Royal Danish Air Force (RDAF) F-16s knocked out Libyan self-propelled rocket launchers and tanks.

:27 March: RDAF F-16s knocked out Libyan self-propelled artillery south of Tripoli. thumb|US Military map showing the situation of 28 March 20114 Canadian Forces CF18s struck and destroyed Regime ammunition bunkers 92 km. south of Misrata. Air Force and Navy Rafales attacked a command centre south of Tripoli. French and Qatari Mirage 2000-5s conducted joint patrols and air interdiction missions from Souda Air Base. Rafales and Super The number of French Mirage 2000-5s based as Souda was increased to four.

:28 March: RAF Tornados destroyed two Libyan tanks and two armoured vehicles near Misratah earlier in the day. The Ministry of Defence said British jets had launched missiles against ammunition bunkers in the morning in the Sabha area of southern Libya. Air operations were planned to focus on the region around Zintan and Misrata. A US Navy P-3 Orion Maritime Patrol aircraft fired at the 12-meter Libyan Coast Guard vessel Vittoria after multiple explosions were seen near the Libyan port of Misrata Monday evening forcing it to be beached. A USAF A-10 Thunderbolt said it also fired on two smaller Libyan vessels traveling with the larger ship, destroying one and forcing the other to be abandoned. Air force Rafales and Mirage 2000Ds and a joint patrol of Navy Rafales and Super Etendards bombed an ammunition dump at Gharyan, south of Tripoli. Mirage F1CRs conducted reconnaissance missions for the first time in the operation.

:29 March: The US used AC-130 gunships and A-10 Thunderbolt tankbusters against Moamar Gaddafi's troops in Libya. US aircraft fired on a Libyan coast guard vessel, forcing it to limp to shore, after it launched missiles at merchant ships in the port of Misrata, U.S military officials said Tuesday. Two patrols of Air Force Rafales and Mirage 2000Ds and a patrol of Navy Rafales and Super Etendards attacked anti-aircraft missile sites south west of Tripoli. Two joint patrols of French and Qatari Mirage 2000-5s conducted air interdiction sorties. Mirage 2000Ds and Super Etendards bombed a military depot south of Tripoli. 2 Canadian Forces CF-18s flew on a mission to help the rebels by attacking targets in Misrata.

:30 March: A joint strike force of French Air Force Rafales and Mirage 2000Ds and Navy Rafales and Super Etendards attacked anti-aircraft missile sites south of Sirte. A patrol of two French and four Qatari Mirage 2000-5s conducted air interdiction sorties. RAF Tornados flying from Gioia del Colle engaged near Misurata three Libyan tanks, two armoured fighting vehicles and a surface-to-air missile site with Brimstone missiles and Paveway IV bombs.

:31 March: At 0600 GMT, NATO took command of all operations in Libya. Subsequent operations were conducted as part of Operation Unified Protector.

April

:1 April: A coalition air strike near Brega killed at least 13 people after a rebel convoy was fired upon. A NATO A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft was believed to attacked after an anti-aircraft gun was fired from the convoy. In the same region, up to seven civilians were reported to have been killed and 25 injured after an attack on an ammunition truck triggered an explosion that destroyed several buildings. French patrol Mirage 2000D and Super Etendard a strike on a car was conducted in the Al Khums, located west of Misrata.

:2 April: French Navy Rafale fighter jets destroyed five tanks in Sirte.

:3 April: French Air Force destroyed several armored vehicles in Ras Lanaf.

:4 April: A US Marine Corps AV-8B Harrier and a US Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt II flew missions near Serta and Brega, respectively. 4 April also marked the last day of US armed forces taking an active role in military action, as all American forces were placed in reserve that evening, to be used only if requested by NATO.

:5 April: Fighter jets from Jordan flew missions from an unidentified European airbase to escort transport aircraft delivering humanitarian aid in eastern Libya. NATO aircraft flew fourteen sorties near Misrata, attacking anti-aircraft installations and ground vehicles.

:6 April: RAF Tornados flew missions around rebel-held Misrata and Sirte. The targets were six armoured fighting vehicles and six battle tanks. Two Typhoon aircraft had flown from Gioia del Colle air base, southern Italy, to police the no-fly zone, while two RAF VC10 aircraft provided air-to-air refuelling. The RAF announced four Typhoon jets will join 16 RAF ground-attack aircraft already under NATO command.

:8 April: NATO aircraft attacked a column of rebel tanks, killing five rebels.

:9 April: NATO warplanes forced a rebel MiG-23 to land. The fighter jet took off from an airfield east of Benghazi and was detected by an airborne early-warning airplane. This was the first no-fly zone violation by any aircraft since NATO took command. Also, an anonymous NATO official claimed that they had destroyed seventeen and damaged nine loyalist tanks in and around Misrata and Brega in the previous two days, of which five were destroyed by British planes. However, there was no independent confirmation of the claims, though footage of three tanks destroyed had surfaced.

:10 April: NATO claimed to have hit 11 tanks or armored vehicles in the early part of the day outside Ajdabiya. A Reuters corespondent saw 15 charred corpses of Gaddafi's forces near several destroyed armored vehicles.

:12 April: RAF Typhoon aircraft were used operationally in a ground attack role for the first time. A Typhoon destroyed 2 main battle tanks near Misurata with Paveway II whilst a Tornado destroyed the third with Paveway IV. In total, RAF aircraft destroyed eight main battle tanks on 12 April. Since the start of Operation ELLAMY up until 12 April.

:15 April: Three airstrikes in Tripoli were carried out, targeting a missile installation and two unidentified targets.

:16 April: 42 sorties were flown, occurring in several cities. Near Tripoli, ammunition storage facilities and an antiaircraft station were destroyed. Near Misrata, an armored ground vehicle was destroyed. Near Sirte, several pieces of ground-based heavy weaponry and multiple ammunition facilities were destroyed. Near Zintan, an ammunition facility was damaged.

:17 April: NATO flew 145 missions, of which 60 attacked targets. Near Tripoli, seven ammunition facilities were destroyed. Near Misrata, four radar installations were destroyed. Near Sirte, aircraft and ammunition facilities were destroyed. Near Zintan, air defense and ammunition facilities were destroyed.

:19 April: Missions were flown to attack Gaddafi's command center in Tripoli.

:21 April: US Predator drones entered the theater. According to General James Cartwright, two patrols of drones would be above Libya at all times, with the first deployment originally scheduled for 21 April, though inclement weather forced a delay.:23 April: The first successful attack using drones was carried out, according to The Pentagon, though no further information was provided.:25 April: Norwegian F-16s attacked the command center and residence of Colonel Gaddafi in Tripoli; government officials claimed it was an assassination attempt, but the US military said it was an attack on a military target. Other strikes took place in Misrata and Sirte, destroying 4 rocket launchers, 8 personnel carriers and 1 vehicle and 3 ammunition storage or bunker facilities.:26 April: 133 sorties carried out by NATO aircraft, 56 of which attacked targets. Tanks, missile and rocket launchers, various storage facilities and other vehicles were targeted in Tripoli, Misrata, Sirte and Al-Khums.:27 April: Rebel forces claimed a NATO airstrike killed around 12 rebels in Misrata in a friendly fire incident. Elsewhere, 119 sorties were carried out by NATO aircraft, 41 of which engaged targets, mostly targeting weapons storage facilities, as well as several rocket or missile launchers.:30 April: The Libyan government claimed a NATO airstrike killed Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi and three of Muammar al-Gaddafi's grandchildren in an apparent assassination attempt on the leader. They took journalists to tour what appeared to be a residential house in a wealthy section of Tripoli that had been hit by at least three missiles, but did not show them the bodies of the purported dead.

May

:1 May: NATO air strikes destroyed 45 government vehicles after they were used in attacks that killed five civilians in Jalu and Awlijah. After attacks on its Embassy, Her Majesty's British Government expelled the Libyan Ambassador from the United Kingdom. Later, the British Embassy in Tripoli was completely burnt down. British Foreign Secretary William Hague said that the government's actions broke the Vienna Convention, as they are required to "protect diplomatic missions." International staff of the UN also pulled out of Tripoli following attacks.:2 May: NATO aircraft flew 158 sorties, 56 of which were intended as strike sorties. Targets included ammunition stores, 1 truck-mounted or 3 self-propelled guns, 2 armored personnel carriers and rocket launchers; these strikes occurred in Misrata, Ras Lanuf, Brega and Zintan.:4 May: NATO aircraft conducted 160 sorties, 49 of which were intended as strike sorties. Targets included ammunition stores, 1 bunker, 7 military vehicles, and rocket launchers; strikes were carried out in Tripoli, Misrata, Ajdabiyah and Sirte.:6 May: NATO aircraft flew 149 sorties, 56 of which were planned to fire on targets. 9 Military vehicles, 7 tanks, 12 ammunition storage facilities, a building housing snipers, rocket and missile launchers and command centers in Sirte and Ras Lanuf were targeted.:7 May: NATO aircraft flew 153 sorties on 7 May, 58 of which were intended as strike sorties to identify and/or attack targets. Targets attacked included weapons storage facilities near Zintan and Scud rocket launchers near Sirte, which were destroyed by British Tornado aircraft.:8 May: 159 sorties were flown by NATO aircraft, of which 64 were strike sorties. Aircraft attacked weapons storage facilities near Zintan, as well as government buildings in Tripoli.:13 May: 148 sorties were flown by NATO aircraft, of which 44 were strike sorties. Targets included a command facility in Brega, a strike which killed eleven people with 45 injured, a command facility, 20 storage buildings, 4 ammunition storage facilities, and 2 SAM launchers in Tripoli, 8 military vehicles near Misrata and Zintan, tanks near Brega and weapons storage facilities near al Qaryat.:18 May: 159 sorties were flown by NATO aircraft, of which 53 were strike sorties. Major targets included a training facility near Tripoli, command buildings near Zuwarah, heavy weaponry near Misrata and an ammunition storage facility near Mizdah.:19 May: Eight ships of the Libyan Navy were destroyed in the ports of Tripoli, Al Khums and Sirte. Elsewhere, NATO aircraft flew 166 sorties, 60 of which were strike sorties. Targets included, in addition to the naval vessels, command facilities near Tripoli, Sirte and Zuwarah, rocket launchers near Al Khums and Mizdah, storage buildings near Mizdah and Sebha and 4 military vehicles near Brega and Mizdah.:20 May: 157 sorties were flown by NATO aircraft, including 58 strike sorties. Targets included command facilities near Tripoli and Sebha, storage facilities near Tripoli and Sirte, rocket launchers near Tripoli and Zintan, and missile launchers near Sirte.:23 May: French Defense Minister Gerard Longuet announced that France and Britain planned to send attack helicopters to enter the conflict. According to a French newspaper, twelve Tiger and Gazelle helicopters were deployed on Tonnerre on 17 May. At the time, Britain did not confirm that it intended to send helicopters to Libya.:25 May: The Guardian reported that a formal announcement that Britain planned to send Apache helicopters would occur on 26 May. Government officials said that HMS Ocean, carrying four helicopters, was due to arrive at the Libyan coast in several days. NATO aircraft flew 136 sorties, including 42 strike sorties.:26 May: NATO aircraft flew 140 sorties, including 54 strike sorties, with targets including storage facilities, heavy weaponry and aircraft.:27 May: According to a senior NATO official, French and British helicopters were planned to begin operations as soon as possible.:30 May: NATO aircraft flew 158 sorties, including 58 strike sorties.

June

:1 June: NATO announced that it had extended its military operations in Libya for 90 days; Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen said that NATO "will sustain our efforts to fulfill the United Nations mandate. We will keep up the pressure to see it through." NATO also said they hit a vehicle storage facility and a SAM launcher in Tripoli, 1 ammunition storage facility in Mizdah, and 1 ammunition storage facility and 1 fire control radar in Hun, and also boarded and denied 1 ship as part of the arms embargo.:2 June: 172 sorties were flown, of which 63 engaged targets. 1 vehicle depot, 2 ammunition depots, 4 SAM launchers, 6 APCs, 1 tank, 2 Armored fighting vehicles, 1 command and control node, and 1 radar were hit.:3 June: Airstrikes hit 2 ammunition storage facilities, 3 command and control nodes, and a military camp comprising 14 vehicles, 2 shelters, and 12 tents.:4 June: British and French helicopters engaged targets for the first time on the night of 4 June, targeting heavy weapons, a radar installation and a checkpoint with Hellfire missiles and 30mm cannons.:5 June: NATO strikes 3 command and control centers, 1 SAM storage facility, 1 ground forces compound, 1 air defense compound, 4 SAM launchers, 1 radar, 3 military vehicles, and an armored fighting vehicle.:6 June: 42 Strike sorties were conducted, hitting 1 command and control center, 1 SAM storage facility, 2 command and control nodes, 1 vehicle storage facility, and 4 SAM launchers in Tripoli, and 1 mobile command and control node near Sirte.:7 June: Warplanes struck 6 command and control facilities, 1 vehicle storage facility, 2 self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, 1 air surveillance radar, and 2 truck mounted guns.:8 June: 113 sorties were carried out, including 47 strike sorties. The key hits were 1 vehicle storage facility, 1 SAM facility, 1 SAM site, 1 command and control center, 1 tank, 4 armored fighting vehicles, 1 electronic warfare vehicle, 1 military training camp comprising 5 shelters, 9 containers, and 1 air asset.:9 June: NATO conducted 149 sorties and 43 strike sorties. 1 vehicle storage facility, 2 command and control facilities, 1 early warning radar, 2 SAM launchers, 2 anti-air guns, and 3 tanks in Tripoli, 2 rocket launchers, 1 truck mounted gun, 4 tanks, 1 heavy equipment transport, 2 command and control nodes, 2 armored fighting vehicles, and 2 checkpoints near Misrata, and 1 command and control center in Brega.:10 June: NATO planes bombed a military camp, 1 vehicle and maintenance facility, 14 tanks, and 1 military vehicle in the vicinity of Tripoli, 1 command and control node, 2 radars, and 1 radar facility in Ras Lanuf, 3 Artillery units in Waddan, and 1 tank, 1 technical, 2 rocket launchers, and 2 armed vehicles near Misrata.:11 June: International Forces conducted 116 sorties, including 51 strike sorties. Key hits include 1 Vehicle depot, 1ammunition depot, one command and control node, 1 tank, 2 anti-aircraft emplacements, and 1 self-propelled artillery piece in Tripoli, 1 ammunition depot in Waddan, 1 armored vehicle near Misrata, and 1 tank in Zlitan.:12 June: The international forces conducted 136 sorties, of which 52 were meant to engage targets. 3 Anti-air pieces, 1 SAM launcher, and 1 grenade launcher in Tripoli, 1 Ammunition Storage facility in Waddan, 2 rocket launchers, 2 anti-air emplacements and a military truck near Misrata, 1 ammunition facility near Al-Qaryat, and 4 truck mounted guns and 1 tank in Brega.:13 June: Airstrikes hit 11 SAM launcher and detection Radar, 1 ammunition storage facility, 1 command and control center, 1 towed artillery piece, 3 truck mounted guns, 2 military trucks, 1 shelter, an armored vehicle depot, 1 anti-air emplacement.:14 June: Canada extends their military involvment by three more months and will expire September 2011. Canada has no plans to further take military action following their deadline. However Charles Bouchard is to continue to assume command of the Canadian-led NATO mission past September. The international coalition hit 1 air defense compound and 2 SAM launchers in Tripoli, 1 ammunition storage facility in Waddan, 3 armored fighting vehicles and a truck-mounted gun near Misrata, 1 truck-mounted gun in Yafran, and 2 armored fighting vehicles in Brega. :15 June: NATO flew 44 strike sorties, hitting a vehicle storage area and 2 command and control nodes in Tripoli, 1 anti-aircraft gun in Zuarwah, 2 anti-aircraft guns, 1 tank, 1 technical, and 1 lightweight weapon near Zintan, 1 ammunition storage facility near waddan, and 2 rocket launchers and an anti-aircraft gun near Misrata.:16 June: Warplanes bombed 1 vehicle storage and maintenance facility, 1 SAM launcher and loader vehicle, 14 truck-mounted guns, 3 tanks, and ammunition storage facility, and a fuel truck. :17 June: 139 sorties and 59 strike sorties were flown, hitting 3 vehicle depots, 3 SAM loaders, and 3 self-propelled artillery pieces in and near Tripoli, 1 rocket launcher, 3 tanks, and a military truck in the vicinity of Misrata, and 5 truck mounted guns and 2 anti-air guns near Zintan.:18 June: NATO jets hit a column of vehicles belonging to Libyan rebels, killing four and wounded 16 in a town of east Ajdabiya in a friendly fire incident.:19 June: 137 sorties were flown, including 60 strike sorties. In Tripoli, 1 military vehicle storage facility and 2 SAM guidance radars were hit. Near Misrata, 2 rocket launchers, 1 truck-mounted gun, 3 tanks, 2 anti-aircraft artillery pieces, and a military logistics truck was hit. In Sebha, 1 command and control node was struck.:20 June: NATO conducted 52 strike sorties, hitting 1 command and control node, 8 SAM launchers, 1 SAM transport vehicle, 3 truck-mounted guns, 2 self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, 1 tank, 1 military equipment storage facility, 1 military vehicle storage facility, and 1 rocket launcher.:21 June: 140 sorties were conducted, including 48 strike sorties. 3 SAM launchers and 1 self propelled anti-air gun in Tripoli, 5 truck-mounted guns, 1 APC and 2 anti-aircraft guns in Nalut, 1 truck mounted gun and 1 military camp comprising 6 tuck-mounted guns, 2 military trucks, and 12 shelters in Zlitan, and 1 rocket launcher, 2 anti-aircraft guns, and 3 SAM loader vehicles in Zintan were hit.:22 June: 128 sorties were flown by international forces, of which 44 were intended to strike targets. Among the the targets were 1 radar and 1 command and control node in Tripoli, 1 ammunition storage facility in Jadu, 13 armed vehicles, 1 APC, and 1 rocket launcher in Zlitan, 1 SAM loader near Zintan, and 1 command and control node comprising of 2 radar towers near Misrata.:23 June: NATO flew 149 sorties, including 47 strike sorties. Targets included 1 tank, 1 radar, 1 military equipment storage facility, 9 self propelled artillery pieces, and 1 anti-aircraft transport loader truck in and around Tripoli, 1 artillery piece in the vicinity of Zlitan, and 2 rocket launchers, 1 anti-aircraft missile launcher, and 3 self-propelled artillery pieces near Zintan. :24 June: 137 sorties were conducted, including 43 strike sorties. 7 command and control nodes, 1 military storage facility, 14 truck mounted guns, 1 tank, 2 APCs, 3 logistics trucks, and 7 military shelters in Brega were hit, 1 early warning radar and 1 truck mounted gun were hit near Gharyan, 2 artillery pieces, 1 mortar and 1 truck mounted gun were hit in Zlitan, and 3 SAM loader vehicles were hit near Okba.:25 June: International Forces conducted 123 sorties, of which 45 were meant to attack targets. Key hits include 2 tanks, 6 technicals, 1 logistic vehicle, 3 military shelters, 4 military compounds, and 1 antennae in Brega, 1 technical and 1 armed vehicle near Zintan, 1 vehicle storage facility, 4 anti-aircraft guns, 2 SAM loader vehicles, 2 SAM transport vehicles, 1 radar van, and 1 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun in and around Tripoli. :26 June: 138 sorties were conducted, including 56 strike sorties. Among the targets hit were 3 command and control nodes and 1 tank near Brega, 3 technicals in Ras Lanuf, 2 artillery pieces in Zintan, 1 antennae near Zuwarah, 1 logistics node near Yafran, ans 2 towed artillery pieces in Tripoli.:27 June: 142 sorties were conducted, 46 of which were intended as strike sorties. NATO hit a command and control node and a tank in Brega, 1 Tank in the vicinity of Ras Lanuf, 6 APCs and 3 tanks near Zintan, 3 fire control radars in Zuwarah, and 1 command and control node and 1 command and control vehicle in and around Tripoli.:28 June: International Aircraft flew 148 sorties, including 58 Strike sorties. 2 command and control nodes, 1 command and control center, 1 armored vehicle, 1 artillery piece, 12 armed vehicles, 5 armed pick-up trucks, 3 trucks, and 3 military hangars in Brega, 1 multiple rocket launcher, 1 mortar, 1 armed vehicle, 1 command and control center in Zlitan, 1 anti-air missile launcher and 2 radars in Tripoli, and 1 military compound in Gharyan were hit.:29 June: 149 sorties and 55 Strike sorties were flown. Key hits include, 12 military vehicles, 1 military truck, 1 APC, 1 ammunition storage facility, 1 military compound, and 1 military checkpoint in Brega, 1 multiple rocket launcher, 5 battle tanks, 2 artillery, and 3 military vehicles near Misrata, 1 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun, 1 military technical vehicle, 2 multiple rocket launchers, and 1 military equipment storage facility in Tripoli, 4 battle tanks, 1 military technical vehicle, and 1 heavy equipment transport in Gharyan, 1 battle tank and 1 military technical vehicle in Sirte, 1 ammunition storage facility in Waddan,and 1 military technical vehicle in Nalut.:30 June: International forces flew 140 sorties, of which 42 are strike sorties. Targets were 2 command and control centers in Brega, 2 technicals near Misrata, 1 military facility and a radar in Tripoli, 1 military facility near Gharyan, 1 military storage facility in Waddan, and 2 multiple rocket launchers near Bir Al Ghanam.

July

:1 July: 136 sorties and 42 strike sorties were conducted, hitting one military facility, three radars, two anti-aircraft guns, one SAM launcher, four tanks and a command and control vehicle in Tripoli, two tanks in the vicinity of Gharyan, one military storage facility near Waddan, and two armed vehicles in Bir al Ghanam.:2 July: 125 sorties were flown, of which 52 were strike sorties. NATO aircraft destroyed two radars and three military vehicles in Tripoli, one armed vehicle, two anti-aircraft guns, and one self-propelled artillery piece near Okba, one tank near Gharyan, three armored vehicles in Zlitan, three armed vehicles near Misrata, one military storage facility and a truck in the vicinity of Waddan, and one military vehicle in Sirte. NATO vessels also boarded and denied a vessel as part of the arms embargo.:3 July: NATO aircraft flew 148 sorties, of which 71 were strike sorties. Targets that were hit included one armored fighting vehicle, one anti-aircraft gun, and two command and control buildings in Tripoli, thirteen armed vehicles, two command and control nodes, two military storage facilities, one tank, and one artillery piece in Brega, one military storage facility in Waddan, two armed vehicles and an anti-aircraft gun in Misrata, one armored fighting vehicle in Abu Qurayn, one tank in Sirte, one armed vehicle in Gharyan, and three armed vehicles in Zuwarah.:4 July: 145 sorties and 59 strike sorties were flown, hitting one command and control center in Tripoli, one tank, one artillery piece, and one military storage facility in Brega, one military facility in Waddan, one tank near Misrata, one military camp in Nalut, two armed vehicles and an armored fighting vehicle near Zintan, one armed vehicle in Zlitan, and two armored fighting vehicles in Sirte.:5 July: NATO conducted 134 sorties, including 56 strike sorties. Key targets include one command and control center in Brega, two armed vehicles and four tanks near Gharyan, one tank, one command and control center, and an artillery piece near Misrata, three armored fighting vehicles in Sirte, and one military storage facility in Waddan.:6 July: NATO aircraft conducted 140 sorties and 57 strike sorties, hitting military refueling equipment, eight armed vehicles, two armored fighting vehicles, and one truck in Brega, one anti-aircraft gun in Gharyan, three armed vehicles near Misrata, one military storage facility near Waddan, one artillery piece and one armed vehicle in Yafran, eight armed vehicles in Zlitan and an armed vehicle in Zintan.:7 July: NATO aircraft flew 134 sorties, of which which 46 were strike sorties. Targets destroyed included military refueling equipment in Brega, three armed vehicles in Gharyan, one military facility in Waddan, one tank in Sirte, one artillery piece and one radar in Zlitan, and three anti-aircraft guns and a command and control center in Tripoli.:8 July: 140 sorties were flown, of which 49 were strike sorties. Targets included one tank in Brega, one artillery piece and one multiple rocket launcher near Misrata, two military storage facilities, two SAM launchers, one radar and four command and control buildings in Tripoli, one military storage facility near Waddan, four armed vehicles in Yafran, one tank in Zlitan and one command and control facility in Zintan.:9 July: NATO aircraft flew 112 sorties, of which 48 were strike sorties. Airstrikes hit one tank and one armed vehicle in Brega, one armored fighting vehicle, four armed vehicles, one missile, four artillery pieces and one multiple rocket launcher near Misrata, one military storage facility and five SAM launchers in Tripoli, one military storage facility and one multiple rocket launcher in Waddan, one multiple rocket launcher and a tank in Yafran and Gharyan, one artillery piece in Ras Lanuf and one artillery piece in Zintan.:10 July: NATO conducted 139 sorties and 54 strike sorties. Key hits included three armed vehicles in Brega, eight artillery pieces, one tank, eight military vehicles, one military compound and three multiple rocket launchers in Misrata, three radars and three SAM launchers in Tripoli, three multiple rocket launchers in Zlitan, one radar and one military storage facility in Okba and one military storage facility in Al-Aziziyah.:11 July: NATO aircraft conducted 132 sorties and 49 strike sorties. Key targets were two armed vehicles near Misrata, three radars, three SAM launchers and an anti-aircraft gun in Tripoli, one military storage facility near Waddan and three military facilities, seven military vehicles and one armed vehicle in Zuwarah.:12 July: NATO aircraft flew 127 sorties, 35 of which were strike sorties, with targets including two missile launchers, two vehicles, a radar installation, five SAM launchers and a storage facility; most strikes were near Misrata and an unidentified location.:13 July: UK defense minister Liam Fox said that the British military had been stretched by the continued conflict, and that he believed other European members of NATO should expand their participation in military operations. NATO aircraft flew 130 sorties, 50 of which were strike sorties, targeting four command centers, seven SAM launchers, artillery, one tank and six armed vehicles, with most targets in the vicinity of Brega, Misrata and Tripoli.:14 July: An official at the UK defense ministry said that UK forces were finding it difficult to obtain further targets to attack, due to government troops using civilian vehicles and infrastructure. NATO aircraft flew 132 sorties, of which 48 were strike sorties that targeted four rocket launchers, three tanks, three vehicles and other heavy weapons, as well as various military buildings; most targets were near Brega, Gharyan and Tripoli.:15 July: NATO aircraft flew 115 sorties, 46 of which were strike sorties targeting seventeen vehicles, heavy weapons and buildings, largely in the vicinity of Brega.:16 July: NATO aircraft flew 110 sorties, 45 of which were strike sorties with targets including six vehicles, six rocket and missile launchers, six antiaircraft guns, radar installations and storage facilities; most strikes were near Breaga, Misrata and Tripoli.:17 July: NATO aircraft flew 122 sorties, 46 of which were strike sorties, targeting eleven vehicles, three military buildings and a roadblock, with most strikes occurring in the vicinity of Brega.:18 July: NATO aircraft flew 129 sorties, 44 of which were strike sorties, with targets consisting largely of heavy weapons and seven vehicles; strikes took place mostly near Brega, Misrata and Tripoli.:19 July: NATO aircraft flew 113 sorties, 40 of which were strike sorties; targets included ten vehicles, seven SAM launchers and various military facilities, with most targets near Zlitan, Tripoli and Brega.:20 July: NATO aircraft flew 122 sorties, 53 of which were strike sorties, targeting five vehicles, four heavy weapons and buildings, including storage, command and operations facilities, with most targets in the vicinity of Zlitan and Misrata.:21 July: NATO aircraft flew 124 sorties, 45 of which were strike sorties, targeting storage facilities, eight anti-aircraft defenses and five military vehicles, largely near Tripoli and Zlitan. The Los Angeles Times reported that the US government was considering moving additional UAVs and other surveillance aircraft to the Libyan conflict, after NATO commanders said that finding targets to attack was becoming difficult.:22 July: NATO aircaft flew 128 sorties, including 46 strike sorties. Aircraft destroyed one military storage facility in Al Khums, one military storage facility and four armed vehicles in Brega, one command and control facility in Tripoli, one military facility in Waddan, three anti-aircraft guns near Zintan, and one military storage facility, two tanks, two anti-aircraft guns, and one armed vehicle in Zlitan.:23 July: NATO aircraft conducted 125 sorties, 56 of which were strike sorties, targeting storage facilities, anti-aircraft defenses, heavy weaponry and command centers, with most of the strikes taking place near Brega, Tripoli and Zlitan.:24 July: 163 sorties were flown, of which 43 were strike sorties. Key hits included one military storage facility in Brega, one SAM launcher, one military storage facility and one tank in Tripoli, one tank near Zintan, two ammunition storage facilities and one command and control facility in Zlitan and one tank and one multiple rocket launcher in Gharyan.:25 July: NATO aircraft flew 111 sorties and 54 strike sorties, hitting one military facility, five armored vehicles, two tanks and eleven light military vehicles in Brega, two command and control nodes, two anti-aircraft weapons, three multiple rocket launchers and one military vehicle in the vicinity of Tripoli, one ammunition storage facility in the vicinity of Waddan, three command and control facilities, one armored vehicle storage facility and two armed vehicles in Zlitan and two armored fighting vehicles near Gharyan. :26 July: NATO aircraft flew 134 sorties, of which 46 were strike sorties. Strikes destroyed five military vehicles, one tank and one military facility in Brega, one military facility and four anti-aircraft systems in Tripoli, one ammunition storage facility near Waddan, one military ammunition supply facility, two military facilities and four military supply vehicles in Zlitan and four military supply vehicles near Misrata.:27 July: NATO aircraft flew 133 sorties, of which 54 were strike sorties. Targets included three armed vehicles, two military facilities and one multiple rocket launcher in Brega, three SAM launchers and three fire control radars in Tripoli, one ammunition storage facility near Waddan, one military facility, one ammunition storage facility and two military supply vehicles in Zlitan, one self-propelled artillery piece and one anti-aircraft gun near Zintan and one multiple rocket launcher in Nalut.:28 July: NATO aircraft hit two armed military vehicles near Brega, two fire control radars, four military vehicles, one military facility and one command and control node in Tripoli, one ammunition storage facility in Waddan and four military facilities, one command and control node and one ammunition storage facility in Zlitan.:30 July 2011: Aircraft from the Norwegian Air Force flew their final missions over Libya, with all troops, equipment and aircraft to have left their base on Crete within two weeks.

August

:1 August: NATO conducted 114 sorties, including 48 strike sorties. Two military facilities and two anti-aircraft systems were hit in Bir Al Ghanam, an ammunition facility in Gharyan, one military facility, two SAM systems, one storage facility and a radar in Tripoli, one Ammunition storage facility near Waddan, one command and control node and one military facility near Zlitan were targeted.:2 August: Out of 123 NATO sorties, 58 were strike sorties, hitting six military facilities, four command and control nodes, two tanks, three armed vehicles, one radar, two SAM systems, an anti-aircraft system, one logistic vehicle, one rocket launcher, and one ammo storage facility.:3 August: NATO flew 125 sorties, of which 53 were strike sorties. Targets included two armed vehicles, six military facilities, a multiple rocket launcher, 1 mortar, two anti-air systems, one SAM launchers, two radars, four command and control nodes, and an ammo facility.:4 August: NATO airstrikes hit an ammunitions depot and a military police facility, killing 33 troops. According to rebel spokesperson, there were unconfirmed reports that the strikes had killed Khamis Gaddafi, the youngest son of Muammar Gaddafi, though a Libyan government official said that Khamis was still alive.:5 August: NATO aircraft hit a caravan of camels transporting weapons from Chad to a pro-government stronghold.:6 August: NATO flew 115 sorties, of which 45 were strike sorties. Three rocket launchers, three command and control nodes, two military facilities, a rocket launcher storage, one tank, one surface to air system, six military supply vehicles, one military vehicle, and an ammo depot were among the hit targets.:7 August: 119 sorties were conducted, including 59 strike sorties. Among the targets hit were a facility, a rocket launcher and two tanks in Brega, one anti-air gun, a surface-to air system, and a surface to air launcher in Tripoli, an ammunition depot near Waddan, four command and control facilities, a weapons storage facility, a rocket launcher, a military facility, and an anti-tank gun in Zlitan, one artillery piece in Gharyan, and a military facility near Misrata.:8?9 August: Overnight RAF jets successfully bombed a Libyan frigate in Tripoli harbour, a vehicle and ammunitions depot, a communications center, military barracks, and a staging post.:10 August: The Italian Air Force flew its first mission using a Predator drone, conducting surveillance operations.:11 August: 123 sorties were flown by NATO, including 42 strike sorties. Key hits include an ammunition storehouse near Waddan, an armed vehicle, a rocket launcher, and an artillery piece in Brega, two armed vehicles in Bir Al Ghanem, five SAM vehicles in the capital of Tripoli, a radar near Sirte, and a command and control facility in Zlitan.:12 August: Out of 118 sorties, NATO flew 48 strike sorties. Among the targets were three ammunition storage facilities, seven armed vehicles, a military facility, a vehicle depot, an SAM launcher, an SAM facility, two armored vehicles and two anti-air emplacements.:13 August: 110 sorties and 47 strike sorties were flown, with targets including thirteen military vehicles, five anti aircraft guns, a rocket launcher, an ammunition storage facility, and two tanks.:14 August: NATO hit an anti-aircraft gun in Zawiya, a military facility near Gharyan, eleven SAM transloader vehicles, one SAM radar trailer and three radars in Tripoli, and four military facilities, one command and control facility, one armed vehicle, and one artillery piece in Zlitan.:15 August: NATO conducted 127 sorties, of which 49 were strike sorties. Key strikes include three tanks and two military vehicles in Al Zawiaya, a military storage facility in Al Khums, four rocket launchers in Brega, an ammunition storage facility near Waddan, one rocket launcher near Misrata, one facility and two rocket launchers in Zliten, and two tanks, one SAM vehicle, one SAM launchers, and a radar near Tripoli.:16 August: NATO flew 100 sorties, including 50 strike sorties; key hits included two storage facilities, one anti-air gun, five military vehicles, two SAM trailers, one SAM launcher, and one command and control facility. NATO also claims they hit 150 targets in Libya over the past week. :17 August: A boat carrying Gaddafi forces and two armed vehicles in Zawiya, three rocket launchers and two tanks in Brega, four armed vehicles in Badr, two tanks in Zlitan, two ammunition depots near Waddan, and one military facility, one radar, two surface to air transloaders, three SAM launchers, and two surface to surface launchers in Tripoli were destroyed.:18 August: 133 sorties were flown, 48 of which were strike sorties. In Zawiya, one command and control facility, five tanks, two armed vehicles, and a transloader were hit. In Tripoli, warplanes bombed an SAM launcher and four military facilities.:19 August: NATO conducted 130 sorties, 26 of which were strike sorties. Key hits included a military vehicle and a tank in Zawiya, nine military facilities, three radars, oneradar guided anti-aircraft system and one tank in Tripoli, and one military logistics vehicle and one tank near Zlitan.:20 August: In Tripoli, NATO airstrikes hit three military facilities, one military storage facility, seven SAM transloaders, one radar, one SAM launcher, two armed vehicles, two armored fighting vehicles, three command and control nodes, and two multiple rocket launchers. NATO also hit a command and control facility near Sirte, one multiple rocket launcher, one heavy machine gun, and a military firing position in Brega, one armed vehicle and an anti-air emplacement near Gharyan, and an SAM launcher near Zlitan. NATO ships also boarded and stopped a vessel headed for Libya as part of the arms embargo.:21 August: NATO warplanes conducted 126 sorties, of which 46 were strike sorties. 3 command and control centers, 1 military facility, 3 radars, 14 SAM launchers, 1 tank, and 2 armed vehicles were hit, with the majority of the strikes in Tripoli.:22 August: 2 Multiple Rocket Launchers near Brega were destroyed by NATO. NATO also said they conducted 36 Strike sorties.:23 August: NATO struck two armored fighting vehicles, 2 military heavy equipment trucks, 3 SAM systems, and 1 radar in Tripoli, 3 armed vehicles and 3 multiple rocket launchers in near Ras Lanuf, and 2 tanks, 3 armed vehicles, 2 military trucks, and 1 military facility in Zuwarah.:24 August: NATO conducted 141 sorties, including 38 strike sorties. Key hits include 2 military storage facilities, 1 military heavy equipment truck, 2 anti-aircraft guns, 1 SAM support vehicle, 1 multiple rocket launcher, and 1 radar in Tripoli, 1 SAM support vehicle in Sirte, 1 SAM launcher in Okba, and one anti-tank rifle in Bani Walid. NATO also boarded and denied a ship as part of the arms embargo, bringing the total to 11 denials. France began operating EADS Harfang drones in the conflict, operated from Naval Air Station Sigonella in Sicily.:August 25: NATO airstrikes destroyed 1 command and control node, 1 SAM trans/loader vehicle, and 1 SAM launcher in Tripoli, 29 armed vehicles and 1 command and control node in Sirte.:August 26: NATO conducted 123 sorties, including 42 strike sorties. Key hits include 2 military facilities, 1 military storage facility, and 1 SAM launcher in the vicinity of Tripoli, 1 armored fighting vehicle, 11 armed vehicles, 3 logistic military vehicles, 1 military observation point, 2 shelters, and 1 military engineer asset in the vicinity of Sirte, 2 multiple rocket launchers in the vicinity of Ras Lanuf, 1 tank in the vicinity of El Assah, 1 SAM transporter and 1 Radar in the vicinity of Okba, and 1 SAM launcher and 2 radars in the vicinity of Al Aziziyah.:27 August: NATO hit a SAM launcher in Tripoli, 1 surface to surface supply vehicle in Sirte, 1 military storage facility in Bani Walid, and 1 SAM facility in Al Aziziyah.:28 August: NATO Aircraft destroyed 2 armed vehicles, 1 multiple rocket launcher, and 1 anti-aircraft gun near Waddan, 4 radars, 20 SAM canisters, 3 military support vehicles, 1 antennae, and 2 SAM systems in Sirte, and 5 multiple rocket launchers, 1 artillery piece, and 1 armed vehicle near Rad Lanuf.:29 August: NATO flew 120 sorties, of which 42 were intended as strike sorties. Key hits include 3 command and control nodes, 4 radars, 1 SAM system, 22 armed vehicles, 1 command post, 2 military supply vehicles, 1 anti-aircraft missile system, and 1 military facility in the vicinity of Sirte, 2 command and control nodes and 1 military ammo storage facility in the vicinity of Bani Walid, 5 anti-aircraft artillery, 1 multiple rocket launcher, 1 radar, and 1 anti-aircraft gun in the vicinity of Hun.:30 August: International forces conducted 109 sorties, including 38 strike sorties. Targets included 1 command and control center, 3 tanks, 12 armed vehicles, 1 military facility, 1 command post, and 1 radar in Sirte, 1 military ammo storage facility, 1 military tank/multiple rocket launcher storage facility, 1 military facility, and 3 SAM launchers near Bani Walid, and 4 anti-aircraft weapon systems, 1 anti-aircraft artillery piece, 1 radar, 2 tanks, 2 multiple rocket launchers, and 1 artillery piece in the vicinity of Hun.:31 August: NATO flew 110 sorties, including 34 strike sorties. Key hits include 1 command and control node, 5 SAM transloaders, 1 armed vehicle, 1 tank, 4 SAM launchers, and 1 multiple rocket launcher in Sirte, 1 ammo storage facility and 1 command and control node in Bani Walid, and 1 radar and 1 military support vehicle in Hun.

Proposed troop deployment

The European Union on 1 April approved a mission that would see troops from EU member countries enter Libya, under the name of EUFOR Libya. The proposed force would number less than a thousand, and be deployed to render humanitarian aid to civilians in the country. The plan would not be enacted unless approved by the UN, in which case troops would enter Libya to protect ports, aid deliveries and other humanitarian activities. If enacted, the operation would last for about four months and have a total cost of around ?7.9�million.

Civilian losses

:May 14: NATO air strike hit a large number of people gathered for Friday prayers in the eastern city of Brega leaving 11 religious leaders dead and 50 others wounded.

:May 24: NATO air strikes in Tripoli kill 19 civilians and wound 150, according to Libyan state television.

:May 31: Libya claims that NATO strikes have left up to 718 civilians dead.

:June 19: NATO air strikes hit a residential house in Tripoli, killing seven civilians, according to Libyan state television.

:June 20: A NATO airstrike in Sorman, near Tripoli, killed fifteen civilians, according to government officials. Eight rockets apparently hit the compound of a senior government official, in an area where NATO confirmed operations had taken place.

:June 25: NATO strikes on Brega hit a bakery and a restaurant, killing 15 civilians and wounding 20 more, Libyan state television claimed. The report further accused the coalition of "crimes against humanity". The claims were denied by NATO.

:June 28: NATO airstrike on the town of Tawragha, 300�km east of the Libyan capital, Tripoli kills eight civilians.

:July 25: NATO airstrike on a medical clinic in Zliten kills 11 civillians, though the claim was denied by NATO, who said they hit a vehicle depot and communications center.

:July 30: NATO attacks Libyan state TV, Al-Jamahiriya. 3 journalists killed.

:August 9: Libyan government claims 85 civillians were killed in a NATO airsrike in Majer, a village near Zliten. A spokesman confirms that NATO bombed Zliten at 2:34 a.m. on August 9, but says he was unable to confirm the casualties. Commander of the NATO military mission, Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard says "I cannot believe that 85 civilians were present when we struck in the wee hours of the morning, and given our intelligence. But I cannot assure you that there were none at all".

Military losses on the coalition side

22 March 2011: One USAF F-15E taking off from Aviano crashed in Bu Marim, northwest of Benghazi. Both airmen were recovered alive by US Marines from the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit based on the . The aircraft reportedly crashed due to a mechanical failure. The rescue operation involved two Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey aircraft, two Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopters, and two McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II aircraft, all launched from the USS Kearsarge. The operation involved the Harriers' dropping bombs and strafing the area around the crash site before an Osprey recovered at least one of the downed aircraft's crew; injuring six local civilians in the process.

27 April 2011: An F-16 from the United Arab Emirates Air Force crashed at Naval Air Station Sigonella at about 11:35 local time; the pilot ejected safely. The aircraft was confirmed to be from the UAE by the country's General Command of the armed forces, and had been arriving from Sardinia when it crashed.

21 June 2011: An unmanned MQ-8 Fire Scout went down over Libya, possibly due to enemy fire. NATO confirmed that they lost radar contact with the unmanned helicopter as it was performing an intelligence and reconnaissance mission near Zlitan. NATO began investigating the crash shortly after it occurred. On 5 August, it was announced that the investigation had concluded that the cause of the crash was probably enemy fire; with operator or mechanical failure ruled out, and the inability of investigators to access the crash site the "logical conclusion" was that the aircraft had been shot down.

20 July 2011: A British airman was killed in a traffic accident in Italy while part of a logistical convoy transferring supplies from the UK to NATO bases in the south of Italy from which air strikes were being conducted against Libya.

Reaction

Since the start of the campaign, there have been allegations of violating the limits imposed upon the intervention by Resolution 1973 and by US law. At the end of May 2011, Western troops were captured on film in Libya, despite Resolution 1973 specifically forbidding "a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan territory". In the article however, it reports that armed Westerners but not Western troops were on the ground.

On 10 June, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates criticized some of the NATO member nations for their efforts, or lack thereof, to participate in the intervention in Libya. Gates singled out Germany, Poland, Spain, Turkey, and the Netherlands for criticism. He praised Canada, Norway and Denmark, saying that although those three countries had only provided twelve percent of the aircraft to the operation, their aircraft had conducted one-third of the strikes.

On August 9, the head of UNESCO, Irina Bokova stated that she deplores the NATO strike on Libyan State TV, Al-Jamahiriya that killed 3 journalists and wounding more. She also stated "media outlets should not be targeted in military actions". On August 11, after the August 9 NATO airstrike on Majer, that allegedly killed 85 civilians, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on "all sides" to do as much as possible to avoid killing innocent people.

Responsibility to protect

The military intervention in Libya has been cited by the Council on Foreign Relations as an example of the responsibility to protect policy adopted by the UN at the 2005 World Summit. According to Gareth Evans, "[t]he international military intervention (SMH) in Libya is not about bombing for democracy or Muammar Gaddafi's head. Legally, morally, politically, and militarily it has only one justification: protecting the country's people." However, the Council also noted that the policy had been used only in Libya, and not in countries such as the Ivory Coast, undergoing a political crisis at the time, or in response to protests in Yemen. A CFR expert, Stewert Patrick, said that "There is bound to be selectivity and inconsistency in the application of the responsibility to protect norm given the complexity of national interests at stake in [...] the calculations of other major powers involved in these situations."

Costs

On 22 March 2011, BBC News presented a breakdown of the likely costs to the UK of the mission. Journalist Francis Tusa, editor of Defence Analysis, estimated that flying a Tornado GR4 would cost about �35,000 an hour, so the cost of patrolling one sector of Libyan airspace would be �2M ?�3M per day. Conventional airborne missiles would cost �800,000 each and Tomahawk cruise missiles �750,000 each. Professor Malcolm Charmers of the Royal United Services Institute similarly suggested that a single cruise missile would cost about �500,000, while a single Tornado sortie would cost about �30,000 in fuel alone. If a Tornado was downed the replacement cost would be upwards of �50m. By 22 March the US and UK had already fired more than 110 cruise missiles. UK Chancellor George Osborne had said that the MoD estimate of the operation cost was "tens rather than hundreds of millions". On 4 April Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton said that the RAF was planning to continue operations over Libya for at least six months.

align="center" colspan="20" style="font-size: 8pt"	Funds spent by Foreign Powers on War in Libya.
Country
	$26 million USD	June 2011
align=center>France	$228.9 million USD
align=center	United Kingdom	$400 million USD
align=center	United States	$664 million USD

See also

Category:Foreign intervention in the 2011 Libyan civil war Category:Aerial bombing operations and battles Category:Conflicts in 2011 Category:International security Category:Military operations involving Canada Category:Military operations involving Denmark Category:Military operations involving France Category:Military operations involving Italy Category:Military operations involving NATO Category:Military operations involving Norway Category:Military operations involving Spain Category:Military operations involving the United Kingdom Category:Military operations involving the United States Category:No-fly zone operations Category:Responsibility to protect

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Source: http://article.wn.com/view/2012/01/25/Detainees_held_by_Libya_rebels_still_tortured_UN_l/

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